Empagliflozin ameliorates obesity-related cardiac dysfunction by regulating Sestrin2-mediated AMPK-mTOR signaling and redox homeostasis in high-fat induced obese mice

Sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have favorable cardiovascular outcomes in diabetic patients. However, whether SGLT2i can improve obesity-related cardiac dysfunction is unknown. Sestrin2 is a novel stress-inducible protein that regulates AMPK-mTOR and suppresses oxidative damage. The aim of this study was to determine whether empagliflozin (EMPA) improves obesity-related cardiac dysfunction via regulating Sestrin2-mediated pathways in diet-induced obesity. C57BL/6J mice and Sestrin2 knockout mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks and then treated with or without EMPA (10 mg/kg) for 8 weeks. Treating HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice with EMPA reduced body weight, whole-body fat, and improved metabolic disorders. Furthermore, EMPA improved myocardial hypertrophy/fibrosis and cardiac function, and reduced cardiac fat accumulation and mitochondria injury. Additionally, EMPA significantly augmented Sestrin2 levels, increased AMPK and eNOS phosphorylation, but inhibited Akt and mTOR phosphorylation. These beneficial effects were partially attenuated in HFD-fed Sestrin2 knockout mice. Intriguingly, EMPA treatment enhanced the Nrf2/HO-1-mediated oxidative stress response, suggesting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Thus, EMPA improved obesity-related cardiac dysfunction via regulating Sestrin2-mediated AMPK-mTOR signaling and maintaining redox homeostasis. These findings provide a novel mechanism for the cardiovascular protection of SGLT2i in obesity.