Association of Oily and Nonoily Fish Consumption and Fish Oil Supplements With Incident Type 2 Diabetes: A Large Population-Based Prospective Study
To evaluate associations of oily and non-oily fish consumption and fish oil supplements with incident type 2 diabetes (T2D).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We included 392,287 middle-aged and older participants (55.0% women) in the UK Biobank who were free of diabetes, major cardiovascular disease, and cancer, and had information on habitual intake of major food groups and use of fish oil supplements at baseline (2006-2010). Of these, 163,706 participated in 1-5 rounds of 24-h dietary recalls during 2009-2012.
RESULTS
During a median 10.1 years of follow-up, 7,262 incident cases of T2D were identified. As compared with participants who reported never consumption of oily fish, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI) of T2D were 0.84 (0.78-0.91), 0.78 (0.72-0.85), and 0.78 (0.71-0.86) for those who reported <1 serving/week, weekly, and ≥2 servings/week of oily fish consumption, respectively (P-trend <0.001). Consumption of non-oily fish was not associated with risk of T2D (P-trend = 0.45). Participants who reported regular fish oil use at baseline had a 9% (95% CI: 4%-14%) lower risk of T2D as compared with non-users. Baseline regular users of fish oil who also reported fish oil use during at least one of the 24-h dietary recalls had an 18% (95% CI: 8%-27%) lower risk of T2D when compared with constant non-users.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that consumption of oily fish, but not non-oily fish, was associated with a lower risk of T2D. Use of fish oil supplements, especially constant use over time, was also associated with a lower risk of T2D.
